For a few months now, the parenting world has been abuzz with confusion over these new LATCH limits. We at CarseatBlog have been trying to explain things in clear language so people don’t have to read through volumes of government documents to understand it all. Our recent post, New Federal Regulations Regarding LATCH Weight Limits – What Parents Need to Know gives a general summary of what most people need to know.
But what about those of you who want to know more? The nitty-gritty behind the why’s of the whole thing, and the small changes that have occurred since the time the new amendment was first proposed? That’s where this post comes in.
Changes to Labeling
First, let’s talk about a couple small changes.
Initially the new rule stated that after February 27, 2014, car seats would have to come with a label stating, “Do not use the lower anchors of the child restraint anchorage system (LATCH system) to attach this child restraint when restraining a child weighing more than “*.” The asterisk would be a child weight that, when combined with the weight of the car seat, would not be greater than 65 lbs. For example, if a seat weighs 20 lbs, the label would say, “Do not use the lower anchors of the child restraint anchorage system (LATCH system) to attach this child restraint when restraining a child weighing more than 45 lbs.”
But some people raised concerns that the wording was unclear and might cause people to think they had to discontinue harness use at that weight, rather than simply switch to a seatbelt installation.
NHTSA listened to those concerns and has created a new solution that will be required starting February 27, 2015, or can be implemented sooner for manufacturers who want to. That solution is a diagram that is supposed to eliminate confusion.
The idea is that the drawing shows lower anchors, and therefore makes it clear that it’s the lower anchors that are supposed to be discontinued at a certain weight (implying that it’s fine to keep using the seatbelt).
I applaud their effort, but I’m not sure the diagram will eliminate confusion, and I suspect it might even increase it. Yes, it says “lower anchors,” but a lot of parents don’t really understand what that means (as opposed to a top tether, or as opposed to a seatbelt which does, after all, anchor in the child seat). I think it’s very likely that people will look at the diagram, see webbing (of some sort) and assume that it’s no longer safe to install with LATCH or the seatbelt or top tethers. A better illustration might have been a drawing of a LATCH connector itself, but it’s probably too late now. Hopefully the new labeling won’t cause too much confusion.
Rounding the Weight
The second change in the final ruling about LATCH limit labeling is that manufacturers will have the option of rounding the maximum forward-facing child weight up to the next 5 lbs. The idea behind this was to make the numbers “cleaner.” For example, instead of saying that LATCH should be discontinued at 42 lbs, the label could state 45 lbs.
NHTSA did concede that in some cases, this could make the total weight of the child plus seat exceed 65 lbs. Say a seat weighs 37 lbs. 65 minus 37 is 28 lbs, but to keep things simple, the manufacturer could state a child weight of 30 lbs. That means that the actual total weight would be 67 lbs (and feasibly a combination could get as high as 69 lbs.) but NHTSA believes anchors will be strong enough to allow for that slight variation.
It is important to note that the rules are slightly different (and slightly more confusing) for rear-facing. NHTSA is ok with allowing the total forward-facing weight to go a bit over 65 lbs because the top tether helps reduce some of the force on the lower anchors. Rear-facing, though, the lower anchors take all the force. In that situation, NHTSA doesn’t want the LATCH weight to exceed 65 lbs at all. So if manufacturers want to round the weights to nice numbers they can, but they need to assume a 60-lb total when they do. That ensures that the total weight will not be more than 65 lbs, even if they round up.
Confused yet?
Let’s take the Graco Smart Seat as an example. It weighs just under 34 lbs. That means the total child weight would be 31 lbs. (65-34=31) Graco has two choices for listing the forward-facing LATCH limit. They can put 31, or they can round up to 35, which puts the actual limit at 69, but that’s still considered compliant. (Graco can also put a lower number if they’d like.) For rear-facing, they can use the actual 31-lb weight or a lower number, but they cannot round up since the total rear-facing LATCH weight must not exceed 65 lbs.
That means that a seat could have different LATCH limits rear-facing and forward-facing. (In cases where the weight limit is different, manufacturers will either have to take the lower of the two weights and include one limit and diagram, or they can provide two separate ones. In the situation above, Graco could choose to list a 30-lb weight limit regardless of which direction the seat faces.)
Background behind the Decisions
So what logic is behind this madness? Believe it or not, it actually makes some sense.
To back way, way up, all this confusion stems from the fact that the standard apparently wasn’t clear to begin with, and some people have been misinterpreting it all along. Some manufacturers and advocates had been operating under the assumption that when the LATCH standard was created, it allowed for a 65-lb child weight. NHTSA has said that no, the standard was always meant to include a combined weight of 65 lbs.
At the time the standard was written, that was probably sufficient, but a lot has changed since then. We now have many seats that by themselves weigh at least 25 lbs, and some approaching 40. Add to that the fact that weight limits for the harnesses have increased from a maximum of 40 pounds to as much as 90 now, and you have a lot of extra weight that just didn’t exist when the standard was written.
People have also speculated for a long time that a car’s anchors can hold much more than 65 lbs. However, based on some anchor failures discovered by Canadian testing, NHTSA conducted similar tests and found that some anchors failed (literally ripped out of the car) at a combined weight of 78 lbs. That isn’t a whole lot more than 65 lbs in the grand scheme of things.
Much of the previous speculation about anchors holding a higher weight is probably due to the fact that most/all testing was done on a test bench, which has anchors reinforced much more than those in cars. The test sled is designed to be used to simulate multiple crashes, and therefore would be expected to hold up better than a passenger vehicle. After all, the point of the sled is to test the seat, not the anchors.
It’s also important to note that the lower anchor failure at 78 pounds occurred when the top tether was not used. When the top tether was used in the same situation, the anchors bent but held. That should underscore the vital importance of using a top tether. Not only does it reduce head excursion, it also reduces force on the lower anchors by 30-60%. That’s huge.
What does this mean for Diono’s SuperLATCH?
For a few years now, Sunshine Kids/Diono’s SuperLATCH connectors have allowed parents to use LATCH to the maximum weight of the seat (65 or 80-lb child weight) as long as their vehicle was manufactured after September 2005 (model year 2006 or newer). Some parents and CPS Techs have wondered what this new ruling means for SuperLATCH. Given that NHTSA did not grant exceptions or make any major changes, it would appear that this ruling marks the end of higher weight LATCH limits on Diono seats going forward. (For reference, a Radian RXT used to the maximum harness weight of 80 lbs would weigh a whopping 105.8 lbs. That’s far greater than the 78 lbs that caused anchor failure in NHTSA testing.)
According to NHTSA’s measurements, the Radian R100 and R120 weigh 24.2 lbs, meaning that its actual child weight limit would be 40.8 lbs. For forward-facing, Diono could round up to 45 lbs. Rear-facing they can’t round up to 41, as that would exceed the 65-lb rear-facing maximum, so the seat could potentially have a rear-facing LATCH limit of 40 lbs. (The R100 wouldn’t actually need to have a LATCH weight limit given for rear-facing since the seat only rear-faces to 40 lbs.) The RXT weighs 25.8 lbs. That means an actual child weight of 39.2, or a rounded rear-facing weight of 35 and a rounded forward-facing weight of 40. This is all speculation at this point but we will attempt to confirm this information with Diono and share the facts when we have them.
Harness Weight Limits
Although this doesn’t pertain to LATCH, the other new change to the car seat standard is that seats rated over 65 lbs will now need to be tested with a taller dummy representing a 10-year-old child. This means that some seats will see a decrease in the overall weight rating. Diono will test the RXT and R120 with the dummy and will continue to hold children to 80 lbs. (Remember, this is just regarding the harness weight limit, not the LATCH weight limit or harness height limit) The Britax Frontier, and Pinnacle and Pioneer are apparently the only combination harness/booster models to be rated above 65 lbs. and also have harness height settings appropriate for older kids. The Graco Argos 80 will be introduced this summer. We will be sure to bring you any updates as soon as we have them!
Conclusion
I know this seems like a lot of rather overwhelming information, and it is. However, the bottom line is that going forward, information on LATCH limits should be easier to find than they are now. People will be able to look at a label on their seat rather than having to comb through manuals that might or might not include any information, or needing to track down elusive documents that even many CPSTs don’t have.
A lot has changed in the car seat world, and even though this solution might not be ideal, something needed to be done. Maybe someday LATCH anchors will be required to hold greater weights, but until then it’s best to exercise some caution. Some people see these new limits as a step back, but given our current realities, it’s probably a necessary one.
So frustrating…like Carmen mentioned, caregivers want to do what is right, but sometimes that is really hard to figure out…and, also like she mentioned, seats are expensive and it is crazy expensive to have to keep buying new seats to keep up with the changes, especially when you paid extra to get a seat that grows with the child, just to find out the latch in the car (and a new car at that!) did not grow with the child, grrr!
Hi, Carmen. Generally, no, you can’t use LATCH and the seatbelt together for installing a harnessed seat. There are some exceptions to that, but it’s pretty rare. Most 4-year-olds are better off in a harnessed seat than a booster. If the child is too heavy for LATCH, there’s nothing wrong with using the seatbelt to install the seat.
Can you use the latch, upper and lower and seat belt together? I always thought my grandson( 4) would be safer with a harness but now I’m wondering if I should just go with a booster and seat belt and not use the 5 point harness rated for 65 lbs. Are the weight limits mostly set by the total weight the latches can hold or the weight of the 5 point harness as well? Seems they keep changing what is safe, a lot of people can’t buy new seats every time something changes. I’m glad they are checking this but I think they should have started much sooner before all of these seats were manufactured. As parents, grandparents etc, we just want to do what is best and safest for the little ones we are transporting. I also was very glad to see the weight limit for the latches, and honestly thought they were always better to use but I’m going with the seat belt. I’m glad I found this website with up to date information.
Hi jp,
There are two separate issues at work, causing some confusion.
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for CHildren, is comprised of the lower anchors and a top tether.
The new standards and labeling ONLY apply to the lower anchor portion of the LATCH system. This required labeling will establish lower anchor weight limits for all carseats with the new label, in any vehicle, when using the LATCH system. For carseats made before the implementation of the new federal standards (2/27/14), then you will need to verify the limits in your vehicle and carseat owner’s manuals as before. Sometimes, neither manual will indicate clear limits. Other times, it may be ambiguous if only one mentions a limit or if the two manuals conflict.
The top tether portion of the LATCH system is not directly affected by this new standard in terms of maximum limits. So, a parent must still consult their auto and carseat owner’s manual. Many auto makers do defer to the carseat manufacturer for the top tether limit. We have a previous blog on this topic: https://carseatblog.com/26159/top-tether-limits-for-carseats/ .
What about cars that were still planning to “defer to the manufacturer” for car seat weight limits? It seems like that adds to confusion to me because especially in the case of Diono that allows the very high weight limits to go on being used.
I am glad to see a number at which failure has occurred for once. I’ve mentioned before, my dad has a car in which the LATCH anchors have been busted out. It is a 2005. I know anything past 2005 SHOULD have stronger anchors, but it is still something that scares me and I’ve always wanted to see a real number on.
Dave, the system was engineered for 65 pounds combined weight. At the time of its design (c. 1999), seats only went up to 40 pounds of child weight and were well under 20 pounds of seat weight.
Many modern cars experience a crash pulse of over 60 Gs. There is at least one that is well over 70 Gs. That means that if the system is good for 60 Gs (according to you, and at what weight?), the system is already under-designed. There is no margin of safety.
The difficulty in increasing load capacity of the anchors is that everything has already been standardized to be intercompatible. If you change the diameters, you might as well start over from scratch because the old and new systems will no longer be guaranteed to work together.
The other difficulty is that older vehicles with the current, weaker LATCH anchors will continue to be on the road for many years. By providing a single, harmonized message about anchor weight limits, that simplifies the message and makes it much more likely to be heeded.
If anchors have failed at 78 lb then the system is woefully under designed or that particular installation was defective. The factor from yield (when structure starts to permanently deform) to ultimate failure (when it breaks) is 1.5 IN AIRCRAFT so there’s no reason it shouldn’t be 2or 3 times in cars.
The real question is why don’t the car companies and the NHTSA and other industry bodies simply redesign the system for higher weights?
In all likelihood, the system is over designed anyway. A quick analysis based on the size of the anchors, the tether latch, and an average steel tensile strength shows that they are good for about 60g, which is well above the required 25g (from crash test requirements I’ve seen), and even airline seats only have to be good to 16g. So the margin of safety is pretty high, especially as the design limits already include margins of safety.
A 50% increase in load capacity isn’t even that hard to accomplish anyway – a small increase in the diameter of the latch and anchor thickness and width.
And at least in the case of tethers, we have no reason to believe they’re going to fail given decades of use in Canada. Sure, at some weight limit the tether anchors will fail, but at the limited weights harnessed seats are able to handle right now, we aren’t seeing it. OTOH, LATCH is a primary anchorage point for carseat installation and shouldn’t be failing. We should expect it to be able to restrain more than a 40 lbs child. NHTSA and the auto makers should have had the forethought to design robust anchors to hold robust kids. Large young children aren’t a modern phenomena. They’ve always been around; they just weren’t always restrained.
The new standard definitely solves one long standing problem. Techs are no longer required by their certifying agency to tell parents about mysterious default maximum limits, when no printed limits appear in their carseat or vehicle owners manual.
It does not solve the greater problem, though. Many parents still don’t use LATCH. Giving them the impression that they have relatively low strength because of these limits will certainly not help. And that’s only for the few parents that read the manual and/or labels! For the majority, they simply won’t know about the new limits and will continue to use (or not use) LATCH regardless.
The only common sense approach is to make the LATCH hardware in both carseat and vehicle capable of working to the maximum weight limits of any particular carseat. Sadly, the auto makers alliance has dodged this obvious solution for over a decade. Fortunately, in the case of top tethers, more and more auto makers are taking a sensible approach to defer to the carseat manufacturer for maximum limits!
This has pretty much meant I’ve stopped recommending using LATCH except for rare situations or parents who I know will check the weight/stay up on requirements. It’s just too confusing and way more than you should have to think about IMO. *I* certainly don’t want to have to think about it!
I kind of wish this would mean Diono would go back to regular LATCH connectors… But suspect they won’t. I hate those bulky ones.